In 2025, I started the year with a particular goal in mind. I wanted to commit fully, to the best of my ability, to learn an indigenous language, and reflect on this process towards the end of the year. Now that it is the December of 2025, it is finally time to share this experience. … Continue reading Learning Northern Sámi (Davvisámegiella)
indigenous languages
The syllables in Nuxalk
In the world's languages, speech is often organised into sequences of speech sounds called syllables. For instance, in English, "golf" has one syllable, while "defenestration" has five syllables. However, in British Columbia, Canada, there exists a language which appears (emphasis on the appears here) to do things a little differently. In fact, it has been … Continue reading The syllables in Nuxalk
Languages with case prefixes? (Canada)
We have been quite unsuccessful in uncovering languages in Australia and Vanuatu that use a true system of case prefixes, with all of them using a mix of suffixes, particles, markers, and prefixes to mark a certain word for its case. In fact, one of the only languages near that region that has a system … Continue reading Languages with case prefixes? (Canada)
Languages without open / low vowels? (Arapaho, Hinónoʼeitíít)
When we compare the vowels used amongst the world's languages, we often come across an interesting pattern. There is almost always some distinction by vowel height, that is, the extent to which the tongue is raised or lowered when articulating a particular vowel. For example, /i/ and /u/ are referred to as "high" vowels, while … Continue reading Languages without open / low vowels? (Arapaho, Hinónoʼeitíít)
The East African Click Languages (Hadza, Hazane)
The click consonants are perhaps some of the rarest or most unusual type of sounds used in the world's languages, with this type of sounds being closely associated with the 'Khoisan' languages of southern Africa. Beyond this group of languages, however, there are only three languages spoken in eastern Africa that use click consonants, and … Continue reading The East African Click Languages (Hadza, Hazane)
A look into Indonesia’s unusual Austronesian language
Pulau Enggano is a small outlying island just off the southwestern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Around 110 km just off the southwestern coasts of the island of Sumatra, lies an outlying island called Pulau Enggano. Home to around 4000 to 5000 people, around under a half of the island's residents belong to the Enggano or … Continue reading A look into Indonesia’s unusual Austronesian language
Introduction to the tonal Austronesian languages
When we compare the sounds of the various Austronesian languages from Taiwan to Rapa Nui, there are several distinct patterns we can draw. Usually, we would find anywhere from 15-20 consonants, and perhaps 4-6 vowels which may or may not be distinguished by length. Some languages take this to the extreme, with Polynesian languages like … Continue reading Introduction to the tonal Austronesian languages
Languages with case prefixes? (Vanuatu Pt 1)
Today, we will take a look at the languages that reportedly use case prefixes in a country that is not really talked about much here on The Language Closet. An archipelago shaped like a 'Y' belonging to the Oceanic sub-region of Melanesia. Vanuatu. Despite its size, Vanuatu is among the most linguistically diverse nations on … Continue reading Languages with case prefixes? (Vanuatu Pt 1)
Languages with case prefixes? (Australia Pt 2)
There are only three Australian languages identified by The World Atlas of Language Structures Online which are reported to have case-prefixes, which are Burarra, Gurr-goni, and Mara (or Marra). Previously in this series, we have looked at one particular language spoken in Australia which uses a relatively rare system of case prefixes, albeit a rather … Continue reading Languages with case prefixes? (Australia Pt 2)
Languages with case prefixes? (Australia Pt 1)
In some of the world's languages, one would be no stranger to the concept of grammatical case. Briefly put, it is the word or word modifier that reflects one or more grammatical functions the modified word plays in a given sentence or clause. Sometimes these case systems are rather elaborate, often taking up the functions … Continue reading Languages with case prefixes? (Australia Pt 1)
Perhaps the most controversial language — Pirahã
The academic world is not new to controversial findings. From publications with conclusions that contradict long-held paradigms, to downright academic fraud and the direct use of generative artificial intelligence in writing manuscripts, it is safe to say that many of such discoveries and findings have come under heavy scrutiny by other subject matter experts. And … Continue reading Perhaps the most controversial language — Pirahã
An introduction to Ume Sámi
A while ago, I traveled to Umeå in Västerbotten County in Sweden. It was there when I came across signs like these, on which upcoming events in the city are posted. But it was not the events that caught my attention, but more rather, the languages which are featured on the signs themselves. While I … Continue reading An introduction to Ume Sámi
The language behind the name of an iconic Australian bird
Australia is home to some of the world's most iconic wildlife. While we have covered some of Australia's marsupials previously, this time, we will cover Australia's birds. While there is the cassowary, a large flightless bird, there is also the bird that is named Australia's national bird, the emu, and there is a whole group … Continue reading The language behind the name of an iconic Australian bird
The language in the United States’ most remote community*
Picture this. You are in a village where goods and mail enter and exit by mule. There are no cars, for the nearest road that reaches this village is around 13 km away. Apart from hiking and mules, the only other way in and out of this village is by helicopter. Judging by this description, … Continue reading The language in the United States’ most remote community*
The language that gave us the word ‘kangaroo’ — Guugu Yimithirr
When we talk about marsupials, Australia immediately comes to mind. It is home to many kinds of iconic marsupials, such as the dingo, sugar glider, and the wombat. But amongst them all, is the national animal of Australia -- the kangaroo. The etymology of the word 'kangaroo' has been muddied in misconception before, but this … Continue reading The language that gave us the word ‘kangaroo’ — Guugu Yimithirr
The language that gave Melbourne’s river its name
Melbourne is one of Australia's largest cities, alongside Sydney and Brisbane. Located in the very south of the state of Victoria, Melbourne is located along Port Philip, with a population of close to 5 million people. The Yarra River runs through this city, emptying into Hobsons Bay in Port Philip Bay. As one might suspect, … Continue reading The language that gave Melbourne’s river its name
The language of America’s southernmost settlement
The southernmost settlements of America are shared between two countries -- Argentina and Chile. Nestled in the island called Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, translating to "Big Island of the Land of Fire", this island just south of continental South America is home to the settlements of interest today. Among these, are three settlements … Continue reading The language of America’s southernmost settlement
The languages in the world’s largest shire
There are many names given to administrative divisions around the world. We are familiar with states, counties, provinces, parishes, prefectures, arrondissements, boroughs, districts and so on, but today, we will look at the administrative division called a shire. We are generally familiar with the regions associated with this word, most likely as a suffix, and … Continue reading The languages in the world’s largest shire
The Australian languages with fricatives
The indigenous languages of Australia are particularly remarkable for their rather shared pattern of sounds. With generally not more than three or five vowels which may or may not be contrasted by length, and sharing many places of articulation for their consonants, these sounds have come to generally define what the indigenous languages of Australia … Continue reading The Australian languages with fricatives
The languages once spoken in the Caribbean
The Caribbean is known for their tropical islands and beautiful beaches. That is, if you ask anyone what comes to their mind first when the Caribbean is mentioned. But explore the right places and you just would be right. The main languages we see spoken in the Caribbean Islands today are pretty much one of … Continue reading The languages once spoken in the Caribbean
Talking about otitis media
In some of the past journal club essays, we have looked at the underlying environmental factors that could influence linguistic diversity of a region, or certain characteristics of languages like tones and sonority. But to claim that certain diseases do impact the characteristics of a certain group of languages seems a bit farfetched. Recently, I … Continue reading Talking about otitis media
Australia’s only Papuan language
The Torres Strait Islands contain two of the more unusual examples of indigenous Australian languages. Quite a while ago, we have seen the Kala Lagaw Ya language, which I had remarked as being unusual, as it contained some sounds unusual to the Australian languages, as well as its rather low proportion of cognates with its … Continue reading Australia’s only Papuan language
The most grammatically complex (?) Australian language
What makes a language complex? Is it the grammatical elaborateness of a language, or is it the specific nuances a language can discern through some form of grammatical inflection or otherwise? Investigating this area of linguistics has been mired in controversy and prejudice, as the 19th century view of language complexity hinged on meeting the … Continue reading The most grammatically complex (?) Australian language
A platform to learn the indigenous languages of Alaska
Picture a typical language learning application. Things like Duolingo, Babbel, and Memrise would come to mind. These would prominently feature the languages with the most number of learners, major languages like English, Spanish, German, and French. But dig below the surface, and you would find some indigenous languages covered in there as well. On Duolingo … Continue reading A platform to learn the indigenous languages of Alaska
The languages that were once spoken on Tasmania
Tasmania, the southernmost state of the Australian Commonwealth. It has been inhabited by indigenous Australians since first arriving around 40 000 years ago, but it was not until the 18th century when first contact with European explorers was established. But less than a century later, every indigenous language once spoken on this island would go … Continue reading The languages that were once spoken on Tasmania
Where did Idaho come from?
While browsing meme pages and terrible or not-so-terrible maps, I came across this one: Ignoring the notion of Proto-World, it appears that 48 of the 50 states plus Washington DC in the US of A have some sort of an etymology. After doing a bit of fact checking, that is correct. But now we come … Continue reading Where did Idaho come from?
Languages of Australia — Tiwi (Tunuvivi)
In the field of language isolates, finding examples which maintain a sizable speaking population today is quite hard. Many language isolates are after all, extinct, or teetering to the brink of extinction. And on the other extreme, there are language isolates which still enjoy a vibrant status like Korean. The language we are covering today … Continue reading Languages of Australia — Tiwi (Tunuvivi)
Languages of Taiwan — Tsou
This next language of Taiwan is of rather unknown status. With 2 100 native speakers estimated in 2002, and 4 100 speakers in 2015, Taiwanese linguists think this language is endangered or threatened. Located in the west-central mountains, in the southeast of Chiayi or Alishan area in Taiwan, the Tsou language, another member of the … Continue reading Languages of Taiwan — Tsou
Languages of Australia — An Introduction to Australian Aboriginal Languages
The Commonwealth of Australia is vast. Not only does it encompass the mainland of the Australian continent, it also includes the islands of Tasmania and the Torres Strait. A country of more than 25 million, it is quite surprising that many people know little of the languages spoken in Australia beyond the English language. It … Continue reading Languages of Australia — An Introduction to Australian Aboriginal Languages
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